Two steps methanolysis and ethanolysis of olive pomace oil using olive-pomace-based heterogeneous acid catalyst
نویسندگان
چکیده
Abstract Olive pomace (OP) and olive oil (OPO) are low-cost, non-edible, by-products of processing. Converting OPO into biodiesel by (trans-)esterification a heterogeneous acid catalyst sulfonation with sulfuric could promote waste-to-energy actions. has high fatty content 126.39 mgKOH/goil, which does not allow the use base for production. Homogeneous such as be used, however wastewater should neutralized regenerated nor reused. The objective this paper is to OP produce heteregeneous catalyst, that will used in esterification reaction biodiesel. was pyrolyzed, activated steam sulfonized. Then performed at 60 °C 65 °C 5 h under agitation 400 rpm using methanol ethanol, respectively. optimization an full factorial design varying oil-to-methanol/ethanol molar ratio (1:3, 1:6, 1:9) loading (10 wt%, 15 wt%, 20 wt%). optimum conditions were obtained 1:9 oil-to-ethanol 20 wt% catalyst. Final products acidities reached 1.14 mgKOH/goil 3.89 Work then focused on ethanolysis second step homogeneous alkali-catalyzed transesterification performed. FAEE yield registered 95.7% optimized first step. physical chemical properties final product measured they respect EN14214 requirements except glycerides contents slightly higher than norm. It viscosity 3.38 mm2/s, flash point 168 °C, Cold Filter Plugging Point 14 °C. Its Copper Strip Corrosion class (1a) respects EN14214. Solid reused up 6 cycles before being mechanically degraded.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Fuel
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['0016-2361', '1873-7153']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120678